The long-term impact of improving non-cognitive skills of adolescents: Evidence from an English remediation programme

In this paper, we estimate the long-term labour market effects of Entry to Employment(E2E),aninterventiondesignedtoimprovethenon-cognitiveskillsoflow-achievingadolescents in England. Using an instrumental variable (IV) approach, we find that E2E courses substantially increased earnings of participants in the long-run. The increase is primarily driven by a large and significant effect on the probability to be in employment. Placebo tests and robustness checks provide further support that the link is unlikely to be affected by unobserved confounders.