Origin of heavy rare earth elements in highly fractionated peraluminous granites

Fan Chaoxi, Cheng Xu, Shi Aiguo, Martin Smith, Jindrich Kynicky, Wei Chunwan

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

Abstract

Rare earth elements (REEs + Y) play an important role in modern industry. Heavy REEs (HREEs) are particularly critical because of their relative scarcity in nature. Global HREE resources are predominantly present in granitoid weathering crusts in southern China. Although it is well known that REEs are generally enriched in alkaline rocks, in contrast, the parental granitoids in most Chinese HREE deposits are peraluminous. Here, we examined different REE mineral compositions, distribution patterns, and Nd isotope ratios of the granitoid complex in Zudong, South China, whose weathering crusts form the largest HREE deposits globally. The complex is composed of granodiorite, biotite-muscovite, and muscovite alkali feldspar granites, whose REE patterns change from HREE depletion to enrichment relative to light REEs (LREEs) with increasing negative Eu anomalies. They are not fractional crystallization products from the same parental melts owing to the different zircon U-Pb ages (191, 169, and 154 Ma for granodiorite, biotite-muscovite, and muscovite granites, respectively). However, magmatic zircons from the three types of granitoids show consistent initial Hf isotope compositions [εHf(t) = 3.4 to 8.6], indicating they evolved from the same sources. The granodiorite contains primary LREE minerals with low εNd(t) values (13.8 to 10.1), decoupled from high zircon Hf isotopes. This indicates a garnet-containing basement source resulted in Lu (HREE) remaining preferentially in the garnet phase, with Hf entering the melt. This contradicts the high HREE concentration recorded in the biotite-muscovite and muscovite granites, which contain abundant HREE minerals associated with muscovite, fluorite, and recrystallized quartz. The whole-rocks and their secondary REE minerals show variable and higher initial Nd isotope ratios [εNd(t) = 3.7 to 2.9 and 11.4 to 7.1 for biotite-muscovite and muscovite granites, respectively] than the early granodiorites and their primary REE minerals, indicating minimal 143Nd was derived from radioactive decay of 147Sm in the basement and wall rocks. This constrained the contribution of external REE-, volatile-rich liquids, which drove the segregation of highly evolved silicate melts from the magma chamber. This increased volatile saturation and fluid exsolution, which may have mobilized the HREEs and metasomatized the granites during their emplacement. Therefore, we infer that external fluid metasomatism appears to be crucial for the HREE enrichment in highly fractionated peraluminous granites.
Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)371-383
Number of pages13
JournalGeochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
Volume343
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 19 Dec 2022

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
This research was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41825008, 92162219) and Guangxi Natural Science Foundation (Guike AB22035045, 2020GXNSFGA297003). MS acknowledges support from the UK-RI Natural Environment Research Council grant NE/V008935/1. J.K. was supported by the Czech Science Foundation GACR EXPRO (grant number 19-29124X). We thank Z.Y. Chen for mineral analyses, and Z. Zhao for field assistance. We are grateful to Editors Jeffrey G. Catalano, Adam Simon, and three anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments.

Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 Elsevier Ltd

Keywords

  • REE deposits
  • granite-associated mineralisation
  • critical metals
  • Heavy REE
  • fractionation
  • metasomatism

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