Creative Design in Fused Filament Fabrication 3D-Printed Electrochemical Sensors for Detection of Biomolecules

Biomolecules play critical roles in all core functions of our body and thus are useful biomarkers for various disease states. Electrochemical sensing approaches have been widely developed for monitoring biomolecules. In recent years, three-dimensional (3D) printing. Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) has emerged as a useful approach in making electrochemical sensors as it offers precise batch production at a low cost. This review intends to highlight how the use of FFF printing has provided the ability to develop electrochemical sensors of various geometry for the detection of important biomolecules, which has provided the improved ability to interface within biological environments. This has been achieved through unique sensor design, modification of commercial filaments as well as the production of bespoke in-house filaments. These recent developments have showcased the large promise 3D printing offers in the development of electrochemical sensors, which can broaden the horizon for biomedical analysis.